nod32 2011-5-17 15:39
美國人寫作的三個重要原則
由於美國人生活繁忙、緊張,講求快速,時間就是金錢,所以近年來許多美國大學也在推行日常生活的講和寫,不用難字,不寫長句,不含偏見的「三不」。 也就是說,盡量使用簡短易懂的白話英語(論壇) (Plain English),寫得愈白愈好,用字愈少愈妙,使別人可以一目了然,充分了解。 這不但可節省「思索」時間,也可避免對方的誤解。 還有,老外為了族群和諧相處,也不使用帶有偏見的字眼。 以下即為一些例子,以供讀者參考。<br><br><p>1. 尤其在商業上,報章雜誌或公文書信上,盡量不用難字(big word) 或過時的字眼(old-fashioned word); <br></p><p>例如:</p><p>Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. <br></p><p>(許多人認為道德教育是高等知識的基礎) (如果用foundation 或basis 代替infrastructure 就更明白)</p><p><br></p><p>Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英畝的土地是本大學發展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,會更簡單易懂。)</p><p>This news has been disseminated all over the US (這消息已散佈到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更簡單?) (動詞時態是:spread, spread, spread)</p><p>The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (這大學的校長個子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白嗎?)</p><p><br></p><p>I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的員工解釋這份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也許更明白。)</p><p>Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想嘗試當個醫生) (如果用try代替endeavor,會更淺白。) (endeavour = endeavor)</p><p>We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我們希望將來看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也許更簡單!)</p><p><br></p><p>The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善機構要求我們一年一度樂捐)(假如用ask 代替solicit,更淺白易懂。)(solicitation是名詞)</p><p>We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (當新老闆來後,我們不知會有什麼發生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也許更明白。)</p><p>Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提過的事,請儘速辦理。)(如果用previous 代替古字aforementioned 不是更明白?)</p><p><br></p><p>這就像美國大文豪馬克吐溫Mark Twain 也曾說過:「我不願在字典裡找長字或難字,我絕不用『metropolis』這個字,因為我同樣可以用『city』這個字來代替」。 羅斯福總統為了強調美國政府不會遺忘那些窮人,在一篇講詞裡用了這麼一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」後來被人批評咬文嚼字,賣弄文筆。 如果用淺白易懂的字眼寫成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也許更簡單明白!</p><p><br></p><p>2. 老外也主張不寫嚕囌或絢麗的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子應該越短越好,一句能用兩個字,絕不多加一個。 <br></p><p>例如:</p><p>At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (現在我們應該為我們的目標團結一致)(如果說:Now, we should pull……更簡單。因為at this point in time = now)</p><p>Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (雖然我的英語不好,但我不灰心。) (如果說:Although my English is not…… 就更簡短。因為despite the fact tha t= although = Though)</p><p>I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生應該辭職) (假如說:I think Mr. Lee should……不是更簡單嗎?因為I am of the opinion = I think)</p><p>He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由於生病而辭職) (若說:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更簡單。因為due to the fact that = because)</p><p>In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜歡騎單車到辦公室) (如果說:Usually, he likes to ride…… 更簡單。因為in the majority of cases = usually)</p><p><br></p><p>She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜歡茶而不是咖啡) (若說:She prefers tea rather……更簡短清楚,因為show a preference for = prefer)</p><p>I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)</p><p><br></p><p>如果只說:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更簡單嗎? 因為bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最後面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意義的重複或用字的多餘(redundant); <br></p><p><br></p><p>例如:</p><p>The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家認為我們必須立即行動)(of opinion 可以省去,因為consensus 的意思,就是大家的意見。)</p><p>The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信顯示問題尚未解決)(continue to 是多餘的字,因為remain 已經有continue 的含意。所以句子就成為:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)</p><p><br></p><p>He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演說裡做出結論) (final 是多餘的字,因為conclusion 已經含有final 的意思。)</p><p>He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。 (他有多年經商的經驗) (actual 也是多餘的字,因為experience 已有actual 的意味)</p><p>We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我們裝好收音機的零件)(因為assemble 本身就有together 的意思,所以together 是多餘的)</p><p>Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多餘的字,因為enclosed 就有herewith 的意思)(即:附上會議報告,請查收)</p><p><br></p><p>寫到這裡,想起一位深受美國人民愛戴,一向主張不寫長句、不嚕囌的美國已故參議員Stephen Young,他每次受邀參加會議、演講、宴會時,他的回信只有三個字「我會到」(I'll be there)……。 也有人打趣的說:「講演或寫作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)</p><p><br></p><p>此外還有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。</p><p><br></p><p>3. 老外為了族群和諧相處,除不用歧視或偏見的字眼外,連男女性別,也要避免區別,以示「平等」。 <br></p><p><br></p><p>例如:</p><p>Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。 (人類是世上最聰明的動物)= Man is the smartest animal……。 (如果改為:Human beings are considered the smartest animals…… 就能包括男女。所以mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 後面動詞要用多數,而man 的後面動詞,則用單數)</p><p>Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (發展這裡的經濟,似乎缺乏人力資源。)(如果說:Labor power seems not strong enough… 也就沒有「男性主義」的感覺。可見manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)</p><p><br></p><p>This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(這個小公司昨天請來一名清潔女工)(如果說:This small company hired an office cleaner…也就沒有男女之分了)</p><p>He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自從1998年他就是委員會主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改為chairperson或chair,就沒有男女之分。) (如指討論會的主持人,也可稱為moderator 或coordinator。)</p><p><br></p><p>Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(許多商人覺得工作壓力很大)(如果把businessmen (businesswomen) 改為business people 或business executives 或business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是單數man 或woman ,其多數都是men 或women。)</p><p><br></p><p>Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察對人民應該有禮貌)(假如把policemen 或policewomen 改為police officers 就可避免男女性別)</p><p>Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (國會議員應該為其選民說話)(constitute = voter) (我們也可以把congressmen 或congresswomen 改為members of congress 或congressional representatives)</p><p>Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(國際航線的空中小姐有時會有時差疲憊的現象)(如把stewardess 改為flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服務員。)</p><p><br></p><p>同理,我們可以把salesman 或saleswoman 改為salesperson;把mailman 改為mail carrier 或postal worker;把foreman 改為supervisor 等等。</p><p>當然,一些帶有種族偏見的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或slur),也要盡量避免使用,以免鬧出麻煩。 例如:</p><p>對黑人不要用Negro,更不能用Nigger(用Black 還可以),禮貌的說法是Afro-American 或African-American;</p><p>對白人不要用Honky(這是黑人罵白人的用字),正確用法是Caucasian,或white people;</p><p><br></p><p>對猶太人不要用Hymies,應該叫Jewish 或Jewish people;</p><p>對越南人不要用Gook,要用Vietnamese;</p><p>至於墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括Puerto Rico,正確的用法多是Hispanics 或Latins,不過據說西班牙人為了維護自己的文化,倒喜歡別人稱為Spaniard。</p><p>還有黑白結婚的孩子,也不可稱為Oreo(Oreo 餅乾外面是巧克力,裡面是白奶油)。</p><p><br></p><p>有偏見的老外,不叫華人為Chinese,而叫Chink 或Chinaman(從前還叫「Yellow Peril」,即黃禍)。 遇到這種事,怎麼辦呢? 我建議:「君子不與小人鬥」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走開」(walk away)。 不過老外與你談話時,如果使用這些不禮貌的字眼,那麼你就可以說:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想讓你知道:你剛剛所用的字,來描寫我的族群,是很不合適的)。 這時,你也可說一句「拜拜」了。</p>