simon81620 2010-12-6 23:01
止痛藥
<strong><font face="新細明體 "><font style="font-size: 11pt">止痛藥</font></font></strong><strong><font style="font-size: 11pt"></font></strong><br />
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<font face="新細明體 "><font style="font-size: 11pt">止痛藥大致可分為鴉片類及非鴉片類止痛藥。鴉片類止痛藥一般用於較嚴重的痛楚,較常見的副作用有噁心、作嘔、便秘及昏睡等,長期服用可能會導致藥物依賴。</font></font><font style="font-size: 11pt"><font face="Times New Roman ">Codeine(</font></font><font face="新細明體 "><font style="font-size: 11pt">可待因</font></font><font style="font-size: 11pt"><font face="Times New Roman ">)</font></font><font face="新細明體 "><font style="font-size: 11pt">、</font></font><font style="font-size: 11pt"><font face="Times New Roman ">Dextropropoxyphene</font></font><font face="新細明體 "><font style="font-size: 11pt">,</font></font><font style="font-size: 11pt"><font face="Times New Roman ">Morphine(</font></font><font face="新細明體 "><font style="font-size: 11pt">嗎啡</font></font><font style="font-size: 11pt"><font face="Times New Roman ">)</font></font><font face="新細明體 "><font style="font-size: 11pt">、</font></font><font style="font-size: 11pt"><font face="Times New Roman ">Fentanyl</font></font><font face="新細明體 "><font style="font-size: 11pt">便屬於此類止痛藥。非鴉片類止痛藥大致可分為非消炎和消炎兩種。</font></font><font style="font-size: 11pt"><font face="Times New Roman ">Paracetamol(</font></font><font face="新細明體 "><font style="font-size: 11pt">撲熱息痛</font></font><font style="font-size: 11pt"><font face="Times New Roman ">)</font></font><font face="新細明體 "><font style="font-size: 11pt">便是屬於前者,沒有消炎功效。一般用於輕微痛症及作退燒之用,亦多用於骨性關節炎</font></font><font style="font-size: 11pt"><font face="Times New Roman ">(osteoarthritis)</font></font><font face="新細明體 "><font style="font-size: 11pt">。此藥較少傷胃,但服用過量可能會損害肝臟,尤其是酗酒者。傳統的消炎止痛藥選擇頗多,而較常見的例子有</font></font><font style="font-size: 11pt"><font face="Times New Roman ">Diclofenac, Naproxen, Ibuprofen</font></font><font face="新細明體 "><font style="font-size: 11pt">等,它們都屬於非類固醇消炎止痛藥</font></font><font style="font-size: 11pt"><font face="Times New Roman ">(NSAIDs)</font></font><font face="新細明體 "><font style="font-size: 11pt">,其作用是抑制環氧化酶</font></font><font style="font-size: 11pt"><font face="Times New Roman ">(Cyclooxygenase)</font></font><font face="新細明體 "><font style="font-size: 11pt">的活性,多用於有炎症的急性或長期痛症如類風濕關節炎。較常見的副作用有腸胃不適、作嘔、嚴重的有腸胃出血或潰瘍,應在飯後服或與胃藥同服。胃潰瘍患者或出血的人如須服用此類藥物,須按醫生指示與胃藥同服,或服用新一代選擇性環氧化酶</font></font><font style="font-size: 11pt"><font face="Times New Roman ">II</font></font><font face="新細明體 "><font style="font-size: 11pt">抑制劑</font></font><font style="font-size: 11pt"><font face="Times New Roman ">(COX II Inhibitors)</font></font><font face="新細明體 "><font style="font-size: 11pt">的止痛藥如</font></font><font style="font-size: 11pt"><font face="Times New Roman ">Celecoxib, Etoricoxib</font></font><font face="新細明體 "><font style="font-size: 11pt">。此類藥物只選擇性地抑制</font></font><font style="font-size: 11pt"><font face="Times New Roman ">COX II</font></font><font face="新細明體 "><font style="font-size: 11pt">酵素以達至消炎止痛的功效,同時消化道潰瘍或胃出血等問題亦大減。最近有一項研究比較兩種止痛藥</font></font><font style="font-size: 11pt"><font face="Times New Roman ">Diclofenac </font></font><font face="新細明體 "><font style="font-size: 11pt">及</font></font><font style="font-size: 11pt"><font face="Times New Roman ">Etoricoxib</font></font><font face="新細明體 "><font style="font-size: 11pt">,該研究用於骨性關節炎或類風濕關節炎的患者,研究顯示</font></font><font style="font-size: 11pt"><font face="Times New Roman ">etoricoxib</font></font><font face="新細明體 "><font style="font-size: 11pt">所引致上消化管道的副作用如穿孔、出血、阻塞、潰瘍較低,而對於心血管栓塞的副作用,兩藥的機率相若。另外醫生可能會選擇其他藥物如</font></font><font style="font-size: 11pt"><font face="Times New Roman ">carbamazepine</font></font><font face="新細明體 "><font style="font-size: 11pt">、</font></font><font style="font-size: 11pt"><font face="Times New Roman ">gabapentin</font></font><font face="新細明體 "><font style="font-size: 11pt">、</font></font><font style="font-size: 11pt"><font face="Times New Roman ">amitriptyline</font></font><font face="新細明體 "><font style="font-size: 11pt">以舒緩或控制神經痛。</font></font><font style="font-size: 11pt"></font><br />
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<font face="新細明體 "><font style="font-size: 11pt">由於止痛藥種類繁多,服用前宜先徵詢醫生或藥劑師的意見。</font></font>